- \n
- Why is it worth reading dog food labels?<\/a><\/li>\n
- Key elements of the label \u2013 what to pay attention to?<\/a><\/li>\n
- Composition analysis: meat, protein and other nutrients<\/a><\/li>\n
- Avoid these ingredients \u2013 what should not be in the food<\/a><\/li>\n
- Examples of good and bad dog food labels<\/a><\/li>\n
- How to choose the best food based on the label?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Why is it worth reading dog food labels?<\/h2>\n
Reading dog food labels is not an unnecessary whim but a real way to protect your pet’s health and well-being. A dog cannot influence what goes into its bowl \u2013 the entire responsibility lies with the caregiver, and the label is the only reliable source of information about what is actually in the package. Attractive marketing slogans, photos of juicy meat and promises of “premium quality” often have little to do with the actual composition of the product, so skillful reading of labels allows you to separate content from advertising. This way you can understand whether the food is truly meat-based or rather relies on animal by-products and cheap grain fillers such as corn or wheat, which increase calories but add little in terms of nutritional value. Conscious reading of the ingredient list also enables detection of potentially problematic components, such as an excess of artificial preservatives, colorings, flavor enhancers or sugars, which in the long run can contribute to obesity, skin problems, hyperactivity, dental and gum diseases, and even digestive disorders. The label gives you the chance to assess the quality of protein (whether it is a species-defined meat, e.g., “chicken”, “turkey”, or a general “meat and animal derivatives”) as well as the type of fat (whether it comes from clearly defined, valuable sources, or is simply “animal fats” of unknown origin). This is particularly important when matching food to the dog’s age, breed, activity level and individual health needs \u2013 a large-breed puppy should eat differently than an adult couch dog, and differently again from a senior with joint or kidney problems requiring a special diet. By reading the label you can compare the contents of protein, fat, crude fiber and metabolizable energy across different products and choose one that will support proper body weight, muscle development, a healthy coat and stable daily energy levels. Equally important is its role in preventing many chronic diseases \u2013 excessive calories and carbohydrates in the diet are a direct path to obesity, which in turn increases the risk of diabetes, joint disease, heart and liver conditions; reading the label allows you to assess whether a product is really “light” or “diet” or just labeled so for marketing reasons.<\/p>\n
Careful reading of labels is also crucial for dogs with allergies and food intolerances, which are an increasingly common problem among pets. Knowing the exact composition lets you avoid specific proteins (e.g., chicken, beef), grains (wheat, corn, soy) or additives that cause itching, diarrhea, bloating, recurrent ear infections or skin issues. Claims such as “grain free”, “hypoallergenic” or “single protein” should always be verified by analyzing the ingredient list \u2013 only then can you be sure that the product truly meets the promise. Moreover, the label is a source of information not only about the composition but also about production technology and food safety: it contains details about the manufacturer, batch number, best-before date, storage instructions and possible quality certificates confirming that the food was produced according to specified nutritional standards. A conscious caregiver, analyzing these data, gains the ability to trace the product origin and file complaints if health problems arise after consumption. The label is also a tool for optimal portioning \u2013 the manufacturer’s daily feeding recommendations should be compared to the real needs of the dog, its body condition and lifestyle, but knowing them provides a starting point for proper feeding. Finally, reading labels of various brands teaches you to recognize common marketing tricks, such as highlighting a single “super ingredient” while omitting the low quality of the rest of the recipe, and gives you the skill to compare products objectively based on facts rather than advertising. This translates into real savings of money and health \u2013 you choose food that truly offers good quality at a reasonable price, rather than overpaying for branding or packaging. The more often you check labels, the easier it is to notice changes in the composition of your dog’s favorite food; manufacturers sometimes modify recipes, replacing, for example, more expensive meat with cheaper fillers, and a vigilant caregiver can quickly spot and react accordingly. Reading labels thus becomes a habit that builds long-term nutritional safety for the dog, allowing you to consciously shape its diet and minimize the risk of many health problems associated with improper feeding.<\/p>\n
Key elements of the label \u2013 what to pay attention to?<\/h2>\n
At first glance a dog food label can be overloaded with information, abbreviations and marketing slogans that make it difficult to quickly understand what we are actually dealing with. Therefore, learning to filter data is crucial \u2013 to notice what truly affects a dog’s health and to sift advertising promises from hard facts. The most important part of the label is the ingredient list \u2013 the list of raw materials used. By law, ingredients must be listed in descending order by percentage share, which means that the first items dominate the food. A good food will have clearly specified meat or fish in the first position, e.g., “fresh chicken 30%”, “dried turkey 25%”, and not vague, imprecise descriptions like “animal derivatives” or “meat and animal-derived products”. The more detailed the description of the raw material, the better \u2013 it allows assessment of protein quality and origin. It is worth checking whether the meat is in dried form (high-quality meat meal) or fresh and whether the manufacturer provides the total share of animal ingredients in the food. Another issue is the type of carbohydrates used \u2013 good foods use rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes or peas in reasonable amounts, while an excess of corn, wheat, rye or cheap grain fillers may indicate cost-cutting at the expense of quality. A dog caregiver should also watch out for a high presence of legumes, sugars, caramel and unnecessary flavor additives that only increase the food’s attractiveness but bring no nutritional value. Oils and fats deserve separate attention \u2013 ideally the manufacturer specifies their type, e.g., “salmon oil”, “flaxseed oil”, “poultry fat preserved with tocopherols”, which indicates the source of fatty acids and the preservation method. Vague terms like “oils and fats” or lack of information about their origin should be a warning sign. A very important element of the label is also the indication of functional additives such as prebiotics<\/a> (FOS, MOS), glucosamine, chondroitin, brewer’s yeast, herbs or vegetables and fruits that truly support digestion, immunity and joints of the animal, provided they are present in meaningful amounts. In this section you should also make sure that the manufacturer precisely identifies additives such as preservatives, antioxidants and colorants \u2013 a good food should not contain artificial colors or flavors, and natural mixtures of tocopherols (vitamin E) are most often used as preservatives.<\/p>\n
The second pillar of a thorough label analysis is the so-called analytical composition (nutritional values), i.e., the content of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash and moisture, and increasingly \u2013 information about carbohydrate content. High-quality food for most adult dogs should be characterized by an adequately high level of animal-derived protein, moderate fat and a balanced fiber content that supports intestinal function. Too high a carbohydrate level resulting from a large share of grains or starch can promote obesity and metabolic issues, so if this information is not directly provided it is worth estimating carbohydrate share yourself by subtracting from 100% the sum of all declared analytical components. It is also crucial to pay attention to crude ash \u2013 an excessive amount may indicate a high content of bones and offal, which does not always correlate with high raw material quality. Another important element of the label is the list of dietary and vitamin-mineral additives that ensure the food is complete, i.e., covers the dog’s micro- and macroelement needs. Look for information about additions such as vitamins A, D3, E, B group, and mineral components: zinc, manganese, selenium, iron, copper, iodine. It is also worth checking whether the manufacturer indicates that the food meets FEDIAF standards or other recognized nutritional standards \u2013 this confirms proper meal balance. On the label you will always find indication of the type of food: “complete food” or “complementary food” \u2013 this is extremely important because complementary food cannot be the only daily diet for a dog and is intended more as a treat or diet supplement. Do not ignore information about the intended use of the food according to age, size and special health needs of the dog: seniors, puppies, adult dogs as well as large or small breeds have different requirements. The label should contain clear feeding recommendations \u2013 a feeding table adjusted to body weight and activity level to estimate the daily portion. A practical but often overlooked element is also the best-before date, batch number and manufacturer or distributor details, which demonstrate brand transparency and allow contact in case of doubts or complaints. Finally, treat all front-of-package slogans such as “premium”, “super premium”, “natural”, “with added meat” or “rich in chicken” with conscious skepticism \u2013 the real value of such terms can only be assessed by comparing them with the actual ingredient list and nutritional values shown on the back label.<\/p>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nComposition analysis: meat, protein and other nutrients<\/h2>\n
Analysis of food composition always begins with the first items on the list, because law requires manufacturers to list ingredients in descending order by percentage share. The most important thing is therefore what appears at the very beginning \u2013 ideally this will be clearly described meat, e.g., “chicken 30% (including 20% fresh meat, 10% dried)” or “fresh salmon 25%, dried beef 18%”. Such specifics indicate higher transparency and usually better recipe quality. You should be cautious with general phrases like “meat and animal derivatives” or “animal protein”, because they may include a wide range of raw materials, including less valuable ones, such as low-grade slaughterhouse waste. A better sign is when the manufacturer specifies the source, e.g., “animal-derived products (pork liver, beef lungs)”, because it allows you to better assess what really goes into the dog’s bowl. You should also distinguish “fresh meat” from “dried meat” or “meat meal”: fresh meat contains even 70\u201375% water, so after processing its real content in the finished food may be much lower than the label suggests, while dried meat or meat meal are concentrated protein sources. The mere presence of “chicken meal” is therefore not inherently bad \u2013 the key is what raw material it was made from (muscle vs. offal), whether the manufacturer communicates this clearly and how the overall structure of the composition looks. Also pay attention to whether the main protein source is animal or plant-based \u2013 dogs, being primarily carnivores, use animal protein best, and its deficiency or poor quality can affect coat condition, muscle mass and overall immunity. If grains (e.g., “corn, wheat, rice”) or general “plant by-products” appear early in the list while meat appears further down, you are likely dealing with food that economized on the protein base. On the other hand, a high declared meat content does not automatically guarantee excellent quality \u2013 balance of macronutrients, fat level, carbohydrate content and the mineral fraction labeled as “crude ash” are also important. You will usually find these values in the analytical table next to the ingredient list, and interpreting them is as important as the raw ingredient list itself.<\/p>\n
Protein in dog food serves a building role \u2013 it is responsible for muscles, tissue regeneration, production of enzymes and hormones. On the label you will most often see it as “crude protein” given in percentages. For most adult, healthy dogs, commercial dry foods usually contain about 22\u201328% protein and wet foods about 8\u201312% (lower due to high water content), although for very active dogs, sporting animals or growing puppies the appropriate level may be higher. It is important not only how much protein there is but also what kind \u2013 its digestibility and completeness of the amino acid profile. Animal-derived ingredients (muscle meat, high-quality offal, eggs, fish) provide proteins of higher biological value than, for example, corn gluten or soy protein. If you see many plant protein additives in the composition and a low proportion of defined meat, this may indicate the manufacturer reduced production costs without considering the dog’s optimal needs. In addition to protein, “crude fat” is analyzed \u2013 it is a key energy source and provides essential fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6, which affect skin and coat condition, brain function and immune system. On the label look for clearly named fat sources: “salmon oil”, “poultry fat preserved with a tocopherol mix” (natural vitamin E) are better choices than vague “animal fats” or “vegetable oils” without species indication. Carbohydrates are rarely listed directly, but their amount can be estimated by subtracting from 100% the declared proportions of protein, fat, ash and crude fiber. Carbohydrate sources include not only grains (wheat, corn) but also rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peas and lentils; the key is that they should supplement a good meat base rather than form the foundation of the recipe. Crude fiber, although present in small amounts, supports proper intestinal function, and prebiotics such as FOS (fructooligosaccharides) or MOS (mannanooligosaccharides) support gut microflora \u2013 their presence can be beneficial, especially for dogs with sensitive digestive systems. “Crude ash” informs about mineral content; very high levels may suggest excessive bone or bone meal content, which in excess is not beneficial for kidneys and the urinary tract. In the composition analysis, also look for vitamin-mineral additives (e.g., “vitamin A, D3, E, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium”) which indicate the food is balanced. If natural functional additives are present \u2013 such as brewer’s yeast, herbs, glucosamine or chondroitin \u2013 they can support joints, immunity or digestion, but they are always a supplement to the base of high-quality meat and a properly balanced profile of protein, fat and carbohydrates. Careful reading of all these elements combined with observing the dog’s condition (body weight, coat, energy level, stool quality) allows a real assessment of whether a given food meets its nutritional needs.<\/p>\n
Avoid these ingredients \u2013 what should not be in the food<\/h2>\n
When analyzing a dog food label it is worth not only looking for valuable ingredients but also consciously eliminating those that may harm health or simply lower the quality of the food. At the top of the list are undefined, general animal-derived raw materials described as “animal derivatives”, “meat and animal-derived products”, “animal protein” or “animal meal” without specifying the species (e.g., chicken, turkey, salmon). Such nomenclature often indicates a mix of various cheap slaughterhouse remnants whose composition may change between batches. A good food instead clearly specifies the type of meat (e.g., “chicken fillet 30%”, “dried turkey meat 20%”). Avoid statements like “meat and offal 4%”, especially if that is the only concrete meat information \u2013 such a low share suggests the rest of the composition consists mainly of cheap plant fillers. Another category of concerning ingredients is cheap grains and their derivatives, particularly when they appear high on the ingredient list. Corn, wheat, wheat gluten, corn meal, rice in large amounts or general grains<\/a> are a way to bulk up and increase caloric content of the food at little cost to the manufacturer, often at the expense of the dog’s health. For many dogs these can promote overweight, energy swings and sometimes skin and digestive problems, especially when they are the main ingredient and meat is only an addition. A warning sign is also “splitting” grain additives: e.g., the list separately includes “corn”, “corn starch”, “corn meal” \u2013 taken together this may be the largest part of the recipe, although each item alone looks harmless. For sensitive dogs it is also advisable to eliminate soy and soy protein, which are often used as a cheap substitute for animal protein and can increase gas, bloating and food allergies.<\/p>\n
It is equally important to pay attention to the type of fats and technological additives used. The label should include a specific name, e.g., “salmon oil”, “chicken fat”, not vague terms like “animal fats”, “vegetable oils”, “oils and fats” or “edible fat”. Vague terminology may indicate a mix of different, often low-quality fats prone to oxidation and deterioration during long storage. Low-quality foods also often contain artificial antioxidants such as BHA (E320), BHT (E321) or ethoxyquin \u2013 avoid these by choosing products preserved naturally (e.g., rosemary extract, tocopherol mix \u2013 vitamin E). The composition should also avoid artificial colorants (e.g., E124, E129) and vague terms like “colorants” or “dyes” whose purpose is to make the food visually attractive to the owner rather than healthier for the dog; your pet does not need red or green kibbles. The same applies to flavors and flavor enhancers: the fewer “flavors”, “flavoring substances” and “palatability enhancers”, the better. Excessive strong flavors can mask poor raw material quality and habituate the dog to very intense taste stimuli, making it difficult to switch to better food later. Be wary of added sugar, caramel, molasses or syrups (e.g., “glucose-fructose syrup”, “corn syrup”) \u2013 they have no nutritional value, increase caloric content, promote fat accumulation and may increase risk of dental problems. Artificial sweeteners such as xylitol are not needed in dog food \u2013 xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, so if it appears in any product it must be strictly avoided. The last group of ingredients to treat with caution are vaguely described functional additives: “vitamin and mineral preparations” without specification, “sensory additives”, “technological additives” or “tasty sauces” \u2013 the less transparent the composition and the more generalities used, the greater the risk that the food’s main asset is price and marketing rather than real nutritional value. Instead, choose foods where each ingredient category \u2013 meat, grains (or their absence), fats, additives \u2013 is described as clearly and in as much detail as possible.<\/p>\n
Examples of good and bad dog food labels<\/h2>\n
The easiest way to understand the difference between good and bad food is to analyze specific, example labels. Imagine two dry foods with similar price and attractive packaging. On the first label you see: “Ingredients: fresh chicken 30%, dried lamb 20%, poultry broth 10%, sweet potatoes 15%, peas 10%, chicken fat 8% (specifically described), salmon oil 3%, beet pulp 2%, brewer’s yeast 1%, prebiotics (FOS, MOS), glucosamine and chondroitin, vitamins: A, D3, E, B group, minerals (chelated: zinc, manganese, copper, iron, selenium), natural antioxidants (rosemary extract)”. In the analytical composition you find for example: “crude protein 27%, crude fat 15%, crude fiber 3%, crude ash 7%, moisture 8%, omega-3 fatty acids 0.8%, omega-6 2.2%, calcium 1.2%, phosphorus 0.9%”. This is an example of a label indicating high quality: specific, named meat sources at the beginning of the list, clear indication of which ingredients serve as protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as inclusion of functional additives \u2013 listed by name, not as generic “dietary additives”. There should also be a designation such as “complete food for adult dogs” or similar indicating purpose, and clear feeding recommendations: “Daily portion: 10 kg dog \u2013 140 g, 20 kg \u2013 235 g, 30 kg \u2013 320 g”, with a note that the dose may require adjustment depending on activity level. Additional useful information includes country of production, batch number, best-before date (legible, not smudged) and storage instructions (“store in a cool, dry place, tightly closed”). Such a label builds trust \u2013 it quickly verifies that the main raw material is meat, not grains, and every additive has a specific function. A second example of a “good” label might be for puppy food: “Ingredients: dried turkey meat 35%, fresh salmon 20%, brown rice 15%, oats 10%, turkey fat 8%, salmon oil 3%, carrot, apple, cranberry 4%, chicory inulin 1%, vitamins and minerals”. The label note: “complete food for medium and large breed puppies, supporting proper bone and joint development” with specified levels of calcium, phosphorus and DHA. This kind of label shows the manufacturer considered the specific needs of a given group of dogs. Note that in examples of “good” labels there are no generalities: instead of “animal-derived products” you see “fresh chicken”, “dried turkey meat”, etc., and instead of “oils and fats” there is for example “salmon oil”, “chicken fat”. There is also no sugar, caramel, artificial colors or flavors. Such transparency makes it easier for the caregiver to assess the food and, in case of allergies, quickly identify potential allergens. A good practice is also to provide an approximate total meat content, e.g., “total meat and animal products: 55%”, which helps compare the product with other foods on the shelf.<\/p>\n
For contrast, look at model examples of “bad” labels which, although they may shout from the package with slogans like “with beef” or “premium”, raise many doubts upon closer reading. An example of such a label may read: “Ingredients: plant-derived products, grains, animal-derived products (including 4% beef), oils and fats, minerals, sugars, colorants, preservatives”. The analytical composition is laconic: “crude protein 20%, crude fat 8%, crude fiber 4%, crude ash 10%, moisture 10%”, with no information about protein sources or type of fat. The mere fact that “grains” and “plant-derived products” appear high on the list while “beef” is only 4% of the whole suggests the food is mainly based on cheap fillers. The phrase “animal-derived products” tells nothing about quality \u2013 it can mean both valuable parts (e.g., muscle, offal) and lower-quality raw materials that are hard to verify. Equally worrying are vague “oils and fats” where it is unclear whether it refers to poultry fat, vegetable oil, or low-quality blends. The presence of “sugars” and colorants suggests the food is seasoned mainly for visual and taste appeal rather than nutritional value. Another problematic label type is one that overplays marketing: large “GRAIN FREE” lettering, while the ingredient list reads: “potatoes, peas, animal-derived products (4% chicken), oils and fats, glycerin, flavor enhancers, minerals, colorants, preservatives”. Formally the absence of grains is true, but the animal protein share is negligible and the food is mainly driven by cheap plant energy sources and technological additives. It is bad practice to use designations like “meat and animal products 20% (including 4% turkey)” without specifying how much of that is actual meat and how much is skin, connective tissue or other lower-value raw materials. Pay attention to extremely high crude ash values (e.g., 11\u201312% in dry food) which may indicate a large amount of low-quality mineral components, and the absence of specified vitamins and minerals \u2013 entries like “additives: dietary additives, antioxidants” without specifics signal minimal transparency from the manufacturer. Problematic are also labels that do not provide a clear purpose of the food (puppy, adult, senior, small\/large breed) or precise feeding guidelines \u2013 for example only general “feed according to the dog’s needs”. Such descriptions hinder proper dosing and increase the risk of overfeeding or underfeeding. In practice, when a package is dominated by slogans and colorful graphics while the ingredient description is short, vague and full of unclear terms, be particularly cautious and compare the product with another food<\/a> where the ingredient list is detailed, transparent and focused on specific animal-derived raw materials.<\/p>\n
How to choose the best food based on the label?<\/h2>\n
Choosing the best food based on the label starts with determining whether the product fits your dog at all \u2013 its age, body weight, activity level and any health issues. The package should clearly state whether it is “complete food” or “complementary” and for which target group it is intended (puppies, adult dogs, seniors, small\/medium\/large breeds, active dogs, overweight animals or those with digestive problems). The first step is therefore to discard products that do not match your dog’s category \u2013 even the highest quality puppy food will not be optimal for an older, less active dog. Next, analyze the ingredient list, remembering that ingredients are listed in descending order by percentage share. The best foods have clearly specified meat or fish in the first position (e.g., “fresh beef 25%”, “dried salmon meat 20%”) and not vague terms like “meat and animal-derived products”. The more detailed the source description, the greater the manufacturer’s transparency and usually the higher the product quality \u2013 also check whether the declared meat proportion is not “broken up” into many similar plant ingredients that cumulatively can outnumber animal components. For example, the presence of “corn, rice, wheat, barley” right after meat may indicate a high carbohydrate content and dominance of cheap grains, even if meat appears first on the list. It is also important to distinguish between fresh and dried meat: fresh contains water so its real share after processing may be lower, while dried meat and meat meal are concentrated protein sources \u2013 good foods often combine both types and clearly state their percentage share. Next analyze fat sources and plant additives. Look for specific names such as “salmon oil”, “poultry fat”, “linseed oil” and avoid imprecise terms like “animal fats” or “vegetable oils” without species indication, which can mask lower-quality raw materials. Grains, potatoes, peas or rice can be valuable energy and fiber sources, but in good food they complement animal-derived ingredients rather than dominate; choose products where protein predominantly comes from meat, not cheap plant substitutes. Functional ingredients such as vegetables, fruits, herbs, prebiotics (FOS, MOS, inulin), glucosamine, chondroitin or omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are an added advantage \u2013 they should be clearly listed, not included under vague “plant additives”.<\/p>\n
The next step is to analyze the nutritional values table, i.e., the analytical composition. High-quality food should contain an appropriate protein level (typically in dry food<\/a> for adult dogs 22\u201328%, for very active and sporting breeds often 28\u201332% or more), tailored to the specific animal’s needs. Too low values may indicate the food is “diluted”, while very high values without clear animal protein sources may suggest predominance of plant protein. Pay attention to fat content \u2013 for healthy, moderately active dogs a range of 10\u201318% is generally appropriate, while overweight or less active dogs may need lower-fat formulas. Carbohydrates are not usually listed directly, but their level can be estimated by subtracting from 100% the sum: protein + fat + crude ash + crude fiber + moisture; a very high “remainder” suggests the food is heavily grain-based. Crude ash above about 8\u20139% in dry foods may indicate a non-selective choice of raw materials and a larger share of bones and bone meal. Also check the list of additives \u2013 some are beneficial vitamins and minerals, while others may be unnecessary or undesirable. Good foods clearly state which vitamins and micronutrients have been added (e.g., vitamin A, D3, E, chelated zinc, copper, manganese) and often in what amounts, allowing you to assess whether the product provides a complete, balanced diet. Artificial colors, flavors, taste enhancers or sweeteners (e.g., foods with added sugar, glucose syrup, caramel) add no nutritional value and are best avoided \u2013 especially if they appear high on the ingredient list. When evaluating a label keep marketing slogans in mind: terms like “premium”, “superfood”, “with added fresh meat”, “without soy” or “natural” are not legally defined in a way that guarantees high quality. Always verify these claims by looking at the real composition, percentage of meat and transparency of declarations. If the manufacturer provides detailed information including specific meat species, percentage share of main ingredients, absence of artificial additives and clear dosing recommendations (with weight ranges and possible portion adjustments based on activity), that’s usually a good sign the product is trustworthy. The final choice of the best food<\/a> should be the result of combining a careful label analysis with observation of the dog \u2013 its condition, coat quality, energy level and digestive response after introducing new food \u2013 however, skilled reading of packaging information is the first crucial filter that helps quickly separate questionable products from those that genuinely support the pet’s health and well-being.<\/p>\n
Summary<\/h2>\n
Analyzing a dog food label is the basis for making an informed choice that affects your pet’s health and good condition. By learning the key elements of a label, such as the percentage of meat, types of protein and the presence of undesirable additives, you will become a more demanding and responsible caregiver. Avoid products with unclear composition and artificial fillers, opting for foods with a high content of quality ingredients. Proper interpretation of labels will allow you to match food to the dog’s age, activity and needs, ensuring a healthy and happy life.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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- Key elements of the label \u2013 what to pay attention to?<\/a><\/li>\n